9.4.2章节完成程序后小车运行不正常

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错误：上传代码，开始小车运行正常一分钟左右后运行不正常

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Esp32McpwmMotor.h>
#include <Esp32PcntEncoder.h>
#include <PidController.h>
#include <Kinematics.h>
// 引入micro-ros和wifi相关头文件
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <micro_ros_platformio.h>
#include <rclc/rclc.h>
#include <rclc/executor.h>
#include <geometry_msgs/msg/twist.h>


// put function declarations here:
//int myFunction(int, int);
Esp32McpwmMotor motor; //创建一个名为motor的对象
Esp32PcntEncoder encoders[2]; //创建1个数组用于存储两个编码器
PidController pid_controller[2]; //创建PID控制器对象数组
Kinematics kinematics;


/*
int64_t last_ticks[2];  //记录上一次读取的计数器数值
int32_t delta_ticks[2]; //记录两次读取之间的计数器差值
int64_t last_update_time; //记录上一次更新时间
float current_speeds[2]; //记录两个电机的速度
*/
float target_linear_speed = 50.0; //目标线速度，毫米每秒
float targer_angle_speed = 0.1f;  //目标角速度，弧度每秒
float out_left_speed;
float out_right_speed;

//声明相关的结构体对象
rcl_allocator_t allocator;  //内存分配器，用于动态内存分配管理
rclc_support_t support;     //用于存储时钟，内存分配器和上下文，提供支持
rclc_executor_t executor;   //执行器，用于管理订阅和计时器回调的执行
rcl_node_t node;            //节点
rcl_subscription_t subscriber;    //订阅者
geometry_msgs__msg__Twist sub_msg; // 存储订阅到的速度消息

void twist_callback(const void *msg_in) {
  // 将接收到的消息指针转化为geometry_msgs_msg_Twist 类型
  const geometry_msgs__msg__Twist *twist_msg = 
    (const geometry_msgs__msg__Twist *)msg_in;
  //运动学逆解并设置速度
  kinematics.kinematic_inverse(twist_msg->linear.x * 1000,
  twist_msg->angular.z, out_left_speed, out_right_speed);
  pid_controller[0].update_target(out_left_speed);
  pid_controller[1].update_target(out_right_speed);
}



//单独创建一个任务运行micro-ros,相当于一个线程
void micro_ros_task(void *parameter) {
  // 1、设置传输协议并延时等待设置完成
  IPAddress agent_ip;
  agent_ip.fromString("192.168.1.10"); //替换为ie自己的主机ip地址
  set_microros_wifi_transports("yuxuan01", "tingbo0207", agent_ip, 8888);
  delay(2000);
  // 2、初始化内存分配器
  allocator = rcl_get_default_allocator();
  //初始化 support
  rclc_support_init(&support, 0, NULL, &allocator);
  // 4、初始化节点
  rclc_node_init_default(&node, "fishbot_motion_control", "", &support);
  // 5、初始化执行器
  unsigned int num_handles = 0+1;
  rclc_executor_init(&executor, &support.context, num_handles, &allocator);
  // 6、初始化订阅者并添加到执行其中
  rclc_subscription_init_best_effort(
    &subscriber, &node,
    ROSIDL_GET_MSG_TYPE_SUPPORT(geometry_msgs, msg, Twist), "/cmd_vel");
  rclc_executor_add_subscription(&executor, &subscriber, &sub_msg,
                                &twist_callback, ON_NEW_DATA);
  // 循环执行器
  rclc_executor_spin(&executor);
  }
/*
void motorSpeedControl() {
  //计算时间差
  uint64_t dt =  millis() - last_update_time;
  //计算编码器差值
  delta_ticks[0] = encoders[0].getTicks() - last_ticks[0];
  delta_ticks[1] = encoders[1].getTicks() - last_ticks[1];
  //距离比时间获取速度单位mm/ms，乘1000转换为mm/s,
  current_speeds[0] = float(delta_ticks[0] * 0.1051566) / dt * 1000;
  current_speeds[1] = float(delta_ticks[1] * 0.1051566) / dt * 1000;
  //更新数据
  last_update_time = millis();           //更新上一次更新时间
  last_ticks[0] = encoders[0].getTicks();//更新第一个编码器的计数器数值
  last_ticks[1] = encoders[1].getTicks();
  // 根据当前速度，更新电机0和电机1的速度值
  motor.updateMotorSpeed(0, pid_controller[0].update(current_speeds[0]));
  motor.updateMotorSpeed(1, pid_controller[1].update(current_speeds[1]));
  //打印数据
  Serial.printf("spped1=%f mm/s,spped2=%f mm/s\n", current_speeds[0], current_speeds[1]);
}
*/
void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  //int result = myFunction(2, 3);
  Serial.begin(115200);
  // 初始化编码器
  encoders[0].init(0, 32, 33);
  encoders[1].init(1, 26, 25);

  //初始化电机

  motor.attachMotor(0, 22, 23); //将电机的0连接到引脚22和23
  motor.attachMotor(1, 12, 13); //将电机的1链接到引脚12和13
  //初始化PID控制器参数
  pid_controller[0].update_pid(0.625, 0.125, 0.0);
  pid_controller[1].update_pid(0.625, 0.125, 0.0);
  pid_controller[0].out_limit(-100, 100);
  pid_controller[1].out_limit(-100, 100);
  //初始化轮子间距和电机参数
  kinematics.set_wheel_distance(175);
  kinematics.set_motor_param(0, 0.1051566);
  kinematics.set_motor_param(1, 0.1051566);
  //运动学逆解并设置速度
  kinematics.kinematic_inverse(target_linear_speed,targer_angle_speed,out_left_speed,out_right_speed);
  pid_controller[0].update_target(out_left_speed);
  pid_controller[1].update_target(out_right_speed);
  /*
  //初始化目标速度，单位 mm/s,使用毫米防止浮点运算丢失精度
  pid_controller[0].update_target(100);
  pid_controller[1].update_target(100);
  */
 // 创建任务运行micro_ros_task
 xTaskCreate(micro_ros_task,      //任务函数
            "micro_ros",          // 任务名称
            10240,                // 任务堆栈大小
            NULL,               // 传递任务函数的参数
            1,                   // 任务优先级
            NULL                 //任务句柄
            );

}

void loop() {
  delay(10); //等待10毫秒
  // 调用速度控制函数
  //motorSpeedControl(); 
  kinematics.update_motor_speed(millis(), encoders[0].getTicks(),
                                  encoders[1].getTicks());
  motor.updateMotorSpeed(
    0, pid_controller[0].update(kinematics.get_motor_speed(0)));
  motor.updateMotorSpeed(
    1, pid_controller[1].update(kinematics.get_motor_speed(1))
  );
  Serial.printf("x=%f,y=%f,angle=%f\n", kinematics.get_odom().x, 
               kinematics.get_odom().y, kinematics.get_odom().angle);
  
  }
  /*uint64_t dt = millis() - last_update_time; //计算时间差
  // 计算编码器差值
  delta_ticks[0] = encoders[0].getTicks() - last_ticks[0];
  delta_ticks[1] = encoders[1].getTicks() - last_ticks[1];
  //距离比时间获取速度 单位mm/ms 相当于m/s
  current_speeds[0] = float(delta_ticks[0] * 0.1051566) / dt;
  current_speeds[1] = float(delta_ticks[1] * 0.1051566) / dt;
  //更新数据
  last_update_time = millis(); //更新上一次更新时间
  last_ticks[0] = encoders[0].getTicks(); //更新第一个编码器的计数器数值
  last_ticks[1] = encoders[1].getTicks(); //更新第二个编码器的计数器数值


//打印数值
Serial.printf("spped1=%fm/s,spped2=%fm/s\n",current_speeds[0],current_speeds[1]);*/
//}

/*// put function definitions here:
int myFunction(int x, int y) {
  return x + y;
}*/

开心

串行监视器日志：


---- 已打开串行端口 /dev/ttyUSB0 ----
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---- 已关闭串行端口 /dev/ttyUSB0，因为与计算机断开连接 ----

开心

@43996173 串行日志前半部分


---- 已打开串行端口 /dev/ttyUSB0 ----
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开心

@43996173

运行micro_ros_agent日志

tingbo@tingbo-i7:~/chapt9/fishbot_ws$ ros2 run micro_ros_agent micro_ros_agent udp4 --port 8888
[1714964344.546633] info     | UDPv4AgentLinux.cpp | init                     | running...             | port: 8888
[1714964344.546982] info     | Root.cpp           | set_verbose_level        | logger setup           | verbose_level: 4
[1714964354.054123] info     | Root.cpp           | create_client            | create                 | client_key: 0x17E096E3, session_id: 0x81
[1714964354.054266] info     | SessionManager.hpp | establish_session        | session established    | client_key: 0x17E096E3, address: 192.168.1.17:47138
[1714964354.093086] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_participant       | participant created    | client_key: 0x17E096E3, participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964354.398775] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_topic             | topic created          | client_key: 0x17E096E3, topic_id: 0x000(2), participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964354.412335] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_subscriber        | subscriber created     | client_key: 0x17E096E3, subscriber_id: 0x000(4), participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964354.421320] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_datareader        | datareader created     | client_key: 0x17E096E3, datareader_id: 0x000(6), subscriber_id: 0x000(4)
[1714964445.911647] info     | Root.cpp           | delete_client            | delete                 | client_key: 0x17E096E3
[1714964445.911742] info     | SessionManager.hpp | destroy_session          | session closed         | client_key: 0x17E096E3, address: 192.168.1.17:47138
[1714964445.911805] info     | Root.cpp           | create_client            | create                 | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, session_id: 0x81
[1714964445.911834] info     | SessionManager.hpp | establish_session        | session established    | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, address: 192.168.1.17:47138
[1714964445.911901] info     | SessionManager.hpp | establish_session        | session re-established | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, address: 192.168.1.17:47138
[1714964445.927577] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_participant       | participant created    | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964445.940184] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_topic             | topic created          | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, topic_id: 0x000(2), participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964445.957322] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_subscriber        | subscriber created     | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, subscriber_id: 0x000(4), participant_id: 0x000(1)
[1714964445.971723] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_datareader        | datareader created     | client_key: 0x73BC5BF6, datareader_id: 0x000(6), subscriber_id: 0x000(4)
^C[ros2run]: Interrupt
tingbo@tingbo-i7:~/chapt9/fishbot_ws$ ^C

开心

@43996173
Kinematics.cpp

#include "Kinematics.h"

void Kinematics::set_motor_param(uint8_t id, float per_pulse_distance) {
    motor_param_[id].per_pulse_distance = per_pulse_distance;/*电机每个脉冲前进的距离*/
}
void Kinematics::set_wheel_distance(float wheel_distance) {
    wheel_distance_ = wheel_distance;

}
//传入电机编号id 返回该电机的速度
int16_t Kinematics::get_motor_speed(uint8_t id) {
    return motor_param_[id].motor_speed;
}
/**
 * @brief 更新电机速度和编码器数据
 * @param current_time 当前时间（单位：毫秒）
 * @param left_tick 左轮编码器读数
 * @param right_tick 右轮编码器读数
*/
void Kinematics::update_motor_speed(uint64_t current_time, int32_t left_tick, int32_t right_tick) {
    //计算出自上次更新以来经过的时间 dt
    uint32_t dt = current_time - last_update_time;
    last_update_time = current_time;
    //计算电机1和电机2的编码器读数变化量dtick1和dtick2
    int32_t dtick1 = left_tick - motor_param_[0].last_encoder_tick;
    int32_t dtick2 = right_tick - motor_param_[1].last_encoder_tick;
    motor_param_[0].last_encoder_tick = left_tick;
    motor_param_[1].last_encoder_tick = right_tick;
    //轮子速度计算
    motor_param_[0].motor_speed = 
        float(dtick1 * motor_param_[0].per_pulse_distance) / dt * 1000;
    motor_param_[1].motor_speed = 
        float(dtick2 * motor_param_[1].per_pulse_distance) / dt * 1000;
    //更新里程计信息
    update_odom(dt);
}
/**
 * @brief 正运动学计算，将左右轮的速度转换为线速度和角速度
 * @param left_speed 左轮速度（单位：毫米/秒）
 * @param right_speed 右轮速度
 * @param[out] out_linear_speed 线速度（单位：毫米/秒）
 * @param[out] out_angle_speed 角速度（单位：弧度/秒）
*/
void Kinematics::kinematic_forward(float left_speed, float right_speed,
                                    float &out_linear_speed,
                                    float &out_angle_speed) {
    // 两轮转速之和除以2
    out_linear_speed = (right_speed + left_speed) / 2.0;
    //两轮转速之差除以轮距
    out_angle_speed = (right_speed - left_speed) / wheel_distance_; 
}

/**
 * @brief 逆运动学计算，将线速度和角速度转换为左右轮速度
 * @param linear_speed 线速度（单位：毫米/秒）
 * @param angle_speed 角速度 （单位：弧度/秒）
 * @param[out] out_left_speed 左轮速度（单位：毫米/秒）
 * @param[out] out_right_speed 右轮速度
*/
void Kinematics::kinematic_inverse(float linear_speed, float angle_speed,
                                    float &out_left_speed,
                                    float &out_right_speed) {
    out_left_speed = linear_speed - (angle_speed * wheel_distance_) / 2.0;
    out_right_speed = linear_speed + (angle_speed * wheel_distance_) / 2.0;
}

odom_t &Kinematics::get_odom() { return odom_; }


//用于将角度转换到-Π到Π的范围内
void Kinematics::TransAngleInPI(float angle, float &out_angle) {
    //如果angle大于Π，则将out_angle减去2Π
    if (angle > PI) {
        out_angle -= 2 * PI;
    }
    else if (angle < PI) {
        out_angle += 2 * PI;

    }

}

void Kinematics::update_odom(uint16_t dt) {
    //毫秒转为秒
    float dt_s = (float)dt / 1000;
    //运动学正解，计算机器人的线速度和角速度
    this->kinematic_forward(motor_param_[0].motor_speed,
    motor_param_[1].motor_speed, odom_.linear_speed, odom_.angle_speed);
    //转换线速度单位（mm/s->m/s）
    odom_.linear_speed = odom_.linear_speed / 1000;

    //计算当前角度
    odom_.angle += odom_.angle_speed * dt_s;
    //将角度值odom_yaw 转换到-Π和Π之间
    Kinematics::TransAngleInPI(odom_.angle, odom_.angle);
    //计算机器人移动距离和在两轴上的分量并进行累积
    float delta_distance = odom_.linear_speed * dt_s;
    odom_.x += delta_distance * std::cos(odom_.angle);
    odom_.y += delta_distance * std::sin(odom_.angle);
}

开心

Kinematics.h代码：

#ifndef __KINEMATICS_H__ /*防止头文件被多次包含*/
#define __KINEMATICS_H__

#include <Arduino.h> /*包含Arduino核心库*/

//定义一个结构体用于存储电机参数
typedef struct 
{
    float per_pulse_distance; /*单个脉冲对用轮子的前进距离*/
    int16_t motor_speed;      /*当前电机前进速度mm/s，计算时使用*/
    int16_t last_encoder_tick; /*上次电机编码器读数*/

} motor_param_t;

typedef struct
{
    float x; /*位置x*/
    float y; /*位置y*/
    float angle; /*角度*/
    float linear_speed; /*线速度*/
    float angle_speed; /*角速度*/
} odom_t;
/*定义一个类用于处理机器人运动学*/
class Kinematics
{
public:
    /*构造函数，默认实现*/
    Kinematics() = default;
    /*构造函数，默认实现*/
    ~Kinematics() = default;

    /*设置电机参数，包括编号和每个脉冲对应的轮子前进距离*/
    void set_motor_param(uint8_t id, float per_pulse_distance);
    /*设置轮子间距*/
    void set_wheel_distance(float wheel_distance);
    /*逆运动学计算，将线速度和角速度转化为左右轮的速度*/
    void kinematic_inverse(float linear_speed, float angle_speed,
                            float &out_left_speed, float &out_right_speed);
    /*正运动学计算，将左右轮子的速度转换为线速度和角速度*/
    void kinematic_forward(float left_speed, float right_speed,
                            float &out_linear_speed, float &out_angle_speed);
    /*更新电机速度和编码器数据*/
    void update_motor_speed(uint64_t current_time,int32_t left_tick,
                            int32_t right_tick);
    /*获取电机速度*/
    int16_t get_motor_speed(uint8_t id);
    /*更新里程计数据*/
    void update_odom(uint16_t dt);
    /*获取里程计数据*/
    odom_t &get_odom();
    /*用于将角速度转换到-Π到Π的范围内*/
    static void TransAngleInPI(float angle, float &out_angle);

private:
    odom_t odom_; /*存储里程计信息*/
    motor_param_t motor_param_[2]; /*存储两个电机的参数*/
    uint64_t last_update_time;  /*上次更新数据的时间，单位ms*/
    float wheel_distance_;    /*轮子间距*/
};


#endif // __KINEMATICS_H__

开心

PidController..cpp代码：

#include "PidController.h"
#include "Arduino.h"

PidController::PidController(float kp, float ki, float kd)
{
    reset(); //初始化控制器
    update_pid(kp, ki, kd);  //更新PID参数

}

float PidController::update(float current)
{
    // 计算误差及其变化率
    float error = target_ - current;   //计算误差
    derror_ = error_last_ - error;     //误差变化率
    error_last_ = error;               //更新上一次误差为当前误差

    //计算积分并进行积分限制
    error_sum_ += error;
    if (error_sum_ > intergral_up_)
        error_sum_ = intergral_up_;
    if (error_sum_ < -1 * intergral_up_)
        error_sum_ = -1 * intergral_up_;
    
    //计算控制输出值
    float output = kp_ * error + ki_ * error_sum_ + kd_ * derror_;
    
    //控制输出限幅
    if (output > out_max_)
        output = out_max_;
    if (output < out_min_)
        output = out_min_;
    
    return output;
}

void PidController::update_target(float target)
{
    target_ = target; // 更新控制目标值
}

void PidController::update_pid(float kp, float ki, float kd)
{
    reset(); // 重置控制器状态
    kp_ = kp; //更新比例项系数
    ki_ = ki; //更新积分项系数
    kd_ = kd; //更新微分项系数
}
void PidController::reset()
{
    //重置控制器状态
    target_ = 0.0f; //控制目标值
    out_min_ = 0.0f; //控制输出最小值
    out_max_ = 0.0f; //控制输出最大值
    kp_ = 0.0f;  //比例项系数
    ki_ = 0.0f;  //积分项系数
    kd_ = 0.0f;  //微分项系数
    error_sum_ = 0.0f; //误差累记值
    error_last_ = 0.0f; //上一次的误差值
    derror_ = 0.0f; //误差变化率
} 

void PidController::out_limit(float out_min, float out_max)
{
    out_min_ = out_min; //控制输出最小值
    out_max_ = out_max; //控制输出最大值
}

开心

PidController.h代码：

#ifndef __PIDCONTROLLER_H__ //如果没有定义__PIDCONTROLLER_H__
#define __PIDCONTROLLER_H__ //定义__PIDCONTROLLER_H__

class PidController
{ //定义一个PID控制类
public:
    PidController() = default;        //默认构造函数
    PidController(float kp, float ki, float kd); //构造函数，传入kp、ki、kd

private:
    float target_;   //目标值
    float out_min_;  //输出下限
    float out_max_;  //输出上限
    float kp_;       //比例系数
    float ki_;       //积分系数
    float kd_;       //微分系数
    //pid
    float error_sum_;        //误差积累和
    float derror_;           //误差变化率
    float error_last_;       //上一次误差
    float error_pre_;        //上上次误差
    float intergral_up_ = 2500;  //积分上限

public:
    float update(float current);                             //提供当前值返回下次输出值
    void update_target(float target);                        //更新目标值
    void update_pid(float kp, float ki, float kd);           //更新PID系数
    void reset();                                            //重置PID控制器
    void out_limit(float out_min, float out_max);            //设置输出限制

};

#endif //__PIDCONTROLLER_H__//结束条件

开心

platformio.ini代码：

; PlatformIO Project Configuration File
;
;   Build options: build flags, source filter
;   Upload options: custom upload port, speed and extra flags
;   Library options: dependencies, extra library storages
;   Advanced options: extra scripting
;
; Please visit documentation for the other options and examples
; https://docs.platformio.org/page/projectconf.html

[env:featheresp32]
platform = espressif32
board = featheresp32
framework = arduino
board_microros_transport = wifi
lib_deps = https://github.com/fishros/Esp32McpwmMotor.git
            https://github.com/fishros/Esp32PcntEncoder.git
            https://gitee.com/ohhuo/micro_ros_platformio.git

小鱼

@43996173 你的角度变化为什么不是连续的，不是5.3 就是 -0.9